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The figure of Christ is slightly later. 5th to the 15th century. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with classical antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power. 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages.
In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions. 8th and early 9th century. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being “modern”. Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch’s time, and therefore added a third period to Petrarch’s two.
1485 to mark the end of the period. Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier “High” and later “Low” period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: “Early”, “High”, and “Late”. Early Middle Ages, at least among historians. Roman control over its outlying territories.
More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army, which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax-collectors in the empire than tax-payers. Diocletian’s reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy, reformed taxation, and strengthened the army, which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing: excessive taxation, a declining birthrate, and pressures on its frontiers, among others. 2nd to the 5th centuries. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situation, the Goths began to raid and plunder. As well as the threat from such tribal confederacies from the north, internal divisions within the empire, especially within the Christian Church, caused problems. Balkans in 442 and 447, Gaul in 451, and Italy in 452.
